Research doesn’t always go as planned, and sometimes results can appear to be abnormal. Some professors, like Xiaoyun Ding, see this as an opportunity to achieve the next big discovery. 

Ding, an associate professor in the Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, leads the Biomedical Microfluidics Laboratory (BMMLab) at 91����Ƶ Boulder. His team stumbled across an interesting anomaly during a cell sensing project that used different forms of acoustic waves to measure cell mechanics.

Associate Professor Xiaoyun Ding (right) and his lab group during summer 2024.

When using a surface acoustic wave to rearrange DNA particles, Yu Gao, a research associate in Ding’s group, managed to assemble the particles in a diamond shape. This type of shape assembly has never been observed before in a microfluidic environment using acoustic waves. 

But what did it mean?

“Normally, acoustic wave patterns resemble a kind of circular-shaped aggregation of particles,” said Ding, also a faculty member in biomedical engineering. “After seeing this pattern, though, we had a feeling it could be a completely new wave mode that is contributing to this phenomenon.

“So we reached out to our collaborators Thomas Voglhuber-Brunnmaier and Bernhard Jakoby in Austria. They helped us model our experiment. Sure enough, their results matched our initial observation.”

According to Ding, the newly discovered wave mode has a few unique traits compared to the traditional acoustic wave modes used in acoustic tweezer research. First, it contains a horizontal polarization, allowing the wave to move sideways along the interface rather than oscillating across a vertical plane. 

The wave mode can also apply electric force to a particle or cell, instead of standard acoustic force. He says being able to configure the various wave modes and switch between them on demand can lead to even more major breakthroughs when studying cell mechanics or cell manipulation.

“I always tell my students: in both research and life, you will see something you don’t expect,” Ding said. “It’s not called failure. The result that you do not expect could be an opportunity.”

“Cells with different properties, like cancer cells, respond differently to electric force,” Ding said. “Manipulating the electric field will allow us to separate these cells with more sensitivity and accuracy. We’ll be able to detect more of their properties and study their mechanics more efficiently.

“Before this discovery, there was no intrinsic control over generating acoustic force or electric force. Now, we can selectively generate these different wave modes and apply different forces simply by changing the frequency.”

The research conducted by Ding and his colleagues, titled “,” has been published by Physical Review Letters. Professor Massimo Ruzzene is also a co-author of the paper.

Their work serves as another example of interdisciplinary collaboration, a common theme in the College of Engineering and Applied Science.

“Our group is actively working with people in the medical and biology fields. They tell us their problems, and we try to develop technology that can solve those problems,” said Ding. “We take on their issues, and we try to make their lives easier.”

But Ding says the BMMLab atmosphere isn’t only focusing on biomedical problem-solving. There are other lessons to be learned that go far beyond the laboratory. 

“I always tell my students: in both research and life, you will see something you don’t expect,” Ding said. “It’s not called failure. The result that you do not expect could be an opportunity.”

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Watch Jacob Segil, CEO of Afference and research professor in the Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, showcase a new piece of haptic technology in an episode of Freethink's Hard Reset docuseries that will "redraw the borders of reality."

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Nick Rovito, a first-year PhD student in the Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, was living on top of the world.

After submitting a technical publication to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Fluids Engineering Division, he was named one of five finalists for the Young Engineer Paper Competition and was invited to present his research at the International Mechanical Engineering Congress & Exposition (IMECE) conference in Portland, Oregon.

Nick Rovito, first-year PhD student and winner of the American Society of Mechanical Engineer's Young Engineer Paper Competition.

Rovito’s award-winning research article is titled “.” The piece featured a multi-physics model coupling fluid dynamics, drug transport and reactions that emulates the clot-dissolving process in stroke treatment.

Simply being recognized amongst the other finalists at such a prestigious gathering was already the honor of a lifetime, he said. With over 1,600 research leaders across nearly 20 technical tracks, the IMECE conference features one of the largest and most diverse conference communities that ASME has to offer. It’s often touted as the largest mechanical engineering conference in the country.

But when presentations had concluded and the judges were done deliberating, Rovito wasn’t just a finalist. He was the winner.

As a graduate research assistant in the , led by Assistant Professor Debanjan Mukherjee at the 91����Ƶ, Rovito conducts computational fluid dynamics research analyzing the mechanisms of thrombolysis in the blood vessels of the brain. This primary mode of stroke therapy involves administering medication to help restore blood flow by dissolving blood clots that may be causing a stroke.

“The FLOWLab is very multidisciplinary,” Rovito said. “We study stroke and medicine by analyzing fluid motion and transport through the cardiovascular system. Recognizing this allows us to apply principles of mechanical engineering to an otherwise medically focused field.”

His work aims to answer two questions: why do stroke treatments fail, and how can we increase their efficacy in the future?

“When you have a stroke, there’s an artery in your brain that is being blocked by a blood clot. Tissue plasminogen activator is the only drug approved by the FDA to treat this, but nearly 50 percent of patients don’t actually see the clot fully dissolve,” Rovito said. “A stroke left untreated could spell permanent disability or death, so we want to study the fluid mechanics within the vascular structure and see exactly how that drug is being delivered to the blood clot.”

Thrombolysis is known to present other dangerous issues, as well. Tissue plasminogen activator is categorized as an anticoagulant or a blood thinner. The drug’s job is to interfere with the clotting process and prevent blood clots from forming or growing.

However, the drug is not capable of targeting specific blood clots. It will dissolve any blood clot, including those that are not causing the stroke. Rovito says this can lead to severe bleeding if the drug goes elsewhere in the brain, or if it is overused.

Assistant Professor Debanjan Mukherjee (left) and Nick Rovito (right). Rovito is a graduate research assistant in the FLOWLab, led by Mukherjee.

“Around twenty percent of the patients who receive this drug experience major bleeding whether the stroke treatment is successful or not,” he said. “Understanding drug delivery from a flow physics standpoint helps us understand what the drug is doing when it’s administered so we can potentially mitigate those issues in the future.”

“I felt confident about my work,” Rovito said. “But I was just happy to be there. Everybody’s work was phenomenal. Any of the finalists could have won. So when the results came out, I was thrilled.”

Mukherjee, a co-author of the publication, had no doubt that Rovito’s work had what it took to win.

“Drug delivery investigation is at the core of our research group, and a lot of the strides we’ve made in modeling and simulation tools have been because of Nick’s efforts,” said Mukherjee, also a faculty member in biomedical engineering (BME) at 91����Ƶ Boulder. “This is a very complicated problem, and his research is novel. The fact that he was able to win this award three semesters into his PhD pursuit speaks to his great ability to accomplish these technical tasks.”

Rovito hopes to continue improving this model and solving problems related to the clinical challenges of today. Their next steps in this project related to stroke therapy will be in collaboration with the neurology team at the , a frequent collaborator with the FLOWLab.

Beyond his research, Rovito also hopes to translate his technical skills into a long-term teaching career.

“One of my passions is teaching and scientific communication,” he said. “91����Ƶ Boulder is a great place for me to continue my technical work and develop as an educator.”

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Bryce Sohayda is an undergraduate student in the Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering. He interned at during summer 2024.

Where did you intern over the summer and what was exciting for you about that opportunity?

Bryce Sohayda during his summer internship with XPCC.

This summer, I had the opportunity to work at Xtreme Power Conversion Corporation (XPCC) in Denver, Colorado. They specialize in Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) to create power solutions for customers of all types. What excited me the most about this company was the opportunity to work for a supervisor with both entrepreneurial business skills and an engineering background. I appreciated being able to learn from his journey through different areas of engineering and gain an insight into the fast-growing industry of battery back up.

What kinds of projects have you had a chance to work on over the summer?

This internship was very hands-on and allowed me to work on several different projects. At the beginning of the internship, I worked on recharge and repair for the on-hand inventory and I used my basic circuits background to know voltage and current loads for an efficient recharge and restock system. Through the middle of the summer, we worked on a large value project including over 400, 3-part units where I got to rewire a user plug-in for modular enclosures and private label each unit. Toward the end of the summer, I switched to building 120V battery trays for large backup power units, where 40 of the trays go into one power unit. I got a very in-depth understanding of the UPS world and how many solutions there are to meet growing customer demand.

How did what you learned look different than the way you learn engineering in class?

One thing I learned from our engineering classes is that they teach us to problem solve more than anything else. There is no specific formula to use on some of these projects and it is up to you to figure out the process needed to complete the project. Unless you are in a position specific to a topic from class, don’t worry too much about the nitty gritty parts of that class. Instead, think about what processes and skills you gain from learning that subject.

What has been the most impactful part of your internship experience?

The most impactful part of my internship was understanding the model of an engineering company and learning what it takes to manage, build, or run a company. I got to experience each moving part of the business. At the simplest level, the company is all UPS based. A company may have great people but a mediocre product. A company may also have a great product, but mediocre people. However, when a company has both of these working simultaneously, that is when you see a company grow and succeed, and that is what I experienced at XPCC. Learning and experiencing this allowed me to combine all of my technical skills from engineering and social skills from business to provide XPCC with quality work.

What advice do you have for other students interested in pursuing a similar opportunity?

If you are interested in business-related engineering, first find a field that interests you. The best way to use your engineering degree in this way is to understand the field and product down to its smallest components and build from there. Because of the engineering knowledge that our degree gives us, we can understand the product intricately which provides us with the opportunity to share that information with customers and other companies. That allows us to grow the company because we understand the company starting with the technical fundamentals and moving all the way to the sales, management, and distribution phases. In my opinion, the best part of engineering is that you can make the degree as small or big as you want, so keep your eyes open for opportunities to join a company or start a company to change the world.

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